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            <h1 style="display: none">git实用手册(持续更新)</h1>
            
            <div class="markdown-body">
              <h1 id="1-git简介"><a href="#1-git简介" class="headerlink" title="1. git简介"></a>1. git简介</h1><p>​    没错，它只是一个工具，学会用很重要。git是一个分布式版本控制软件，最初Linux内核的作者Linus Torvalds制作，最初目的为了更好的管理Linux内核代码而设计。</p>
<p>​    <img src="https://gitee.com/SeeDeer/picture/raw/master/picgo/image-20220316084424052.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload alt="image-20220316084424052"></p>
<ul>
<li>工作区( working directory)：下载远程仓库到本地后，文件被修改后处于工作区；可以使用<code>git status</code>命令查看工作区中文件。</li>
<li>暂存区(staged)：执行<code>git add file</code>命令将会使工作区被修改文件添加到暂存区，这一步是让作者把将要提交文件先一次性选择好。</li>
<li>git commit：<code>git commit -m &quot;xx&quot;</code>命令将会提交暂存区所有文件的修改，并生成一个commit提交记录，此时提交还在本地仓库。</li>
<li>提交修改到线上：<code>git push origin branch_name</code> 命令会提交本地仓库的commit到远程仓库，branch_name是本地仓库所在分支名称。</li>
<li>暂存区不属于任何分支、暂存区清空后，本地仓库才能进行切换分支操作。</li>
<li>HEAD指针：</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="2-常用命令"><a href="#2-常用命令" class="headerlink" title="2. 常用命令"></a>2. 常用命令</h1><ol>
<li><p>git reset 回退撤销修改</p>
<blockquote>
<p>HEAD^ 可以用来指定当前的commit_id；HEAD^^代表上一个commit_id；依次推类。</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>命令</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>git reset HEAD file</td>
<td>撤销某个文件的git add, 修改回到工作区</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reset –soft commit_id</td>
<td>撤销commit操作，修改回到暂存区</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reset –mixed commit_id(–mixed参数可以省略)</td>
<td>撤销commit和add操作，修改回到工作区</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reset –hard commit_id</td>
<td>撤销commit和add操作，删除工作空间改动代码（慎用）</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li><p>git status 查看本地仓库状态</p>
</li>
<li><p>git rebase 用法小结</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="3-分支管理"><a href="#3-分支管理" class="headerlink" title="3. 分支管理"></a>3. 分支管理</h1><p>项目开发过程中，一般分为稳定发布分支master、开发分支develop、功能分支feature、Bug修复分支bugfix_xxx等四种类型。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>分支管理基本流程图 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/">https://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/</a></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/SeeDeer/picture/raw/master/picgo/image-20220316104121946.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload alt="image-20220316104121946"></p>
</li>
<li><p>分支合并规范(建议)</p>
<ul>
<li>commit描述尽可能详细, 推荐使用commitizen插件, <code>git cz</code>代替<code>git commit</code>;<br><img src="https://gitee.com/SeeDeer/picture/raw/master/2022-3-15/1647334088818-image.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload><br>git cz 将commit描述分为简要描述和详细描述两个部分，以及一些修改对版本兼容性说明。</li>
<li>git merge时请慎用 –squash 参数，–squash会将多个commit合成一个，这不便于后续版本修改记录查看和代码维护。如果开发过程中commit节点提交的太零散，可以采用<code>git rebase -i </code>命令整合commit，然后采用fast forward行为合入。</li>
<li>其他待补充</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="4-git-子仓库"><a href="#4-git-子仓库" class="headerlink" title="4. git 子仓库"></a>4. git 子仓库</h1><p>​    在日常开发中,我们经常git来当做代码版本管理工具,使用中基本都是一个项目一个Git仓库的形式,那么当我们的代码中碰到了业务级别的需要复用的代码,我们一般怎么做呢 ?  Git子模块允许我们将一个或者多个Git仓库作为另一个Git仓库的子目录,它能让你将另一个仓库克隆到自己的项目中,同时还保持提交的独立。</p>
<ol>
<li><p>向父仓库添加子仓库：<code>git submodule add https://github.com/xxx.git</code></p>
<p>如下图，iot_project 为父仓库，执行命令后，子仓库将以子目录的形式存在；父仓库将会新增.gitmodules和子仓库目录。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/SeeDeer/picture/raw/master/picgo/1625489517933-e44a3f15-ddb5-41ef-ae86-850d7a48c2aa.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload alt="image.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>子仓库有修改后，父仓库如何感知？如下只是以子目录的形式提示，不显示细节。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="code-wrapper"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></div></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs bash">zhaocs@DESKTOP-2J12679 iot_project [develop] $ git status<br>On branch develop<br>Changes not staged <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> commit:<br>  (use <span class="hljs-string">&quot;git add &lt;file&gt;...&quot;</span> to update what will be committed)<br>  (use <span class="hljs-string">&quot;git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;...&quot;</span> to discard changes <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> working directory)<br><br>        modified:   os_algorithm (new commits)<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


</li>
<li><p>clone 父仓库后，怎么拉取子仓库内容？<code>git submodule update --init --recursive</code></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs bash">seedeer@DESKTOP-70ULORM:~/Study/iot_project$ git submodule update --init --recursive<br>Submodule <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;os_algorithm&#x27;</span> (https://github.com/SeeDeer/os_algorithm.git) registered <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> path <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;os_algorithm&#x27;</span><br>Submodule <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;os_time&#x27;</span> (https://github.com/SeeDeer/os_time.git) registered <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> path <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;os_time&#x27;</span><br>Cloning into <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;/home/seedeer/Study/iot_project/os_algorithm&#x27;</span>...<br>Cloning into <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;/home/seedeer/Study/iot_project/os_time&#x27;</span>...<br>Submodule path <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;os_algorithm&#x27;</span>: checked out <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;ee81fccef733738ac643feb89960849b7c888827&#x27;</span><br>Submodule path <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;os_time&#x27;</span>: checked out <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;0a058507b2f4ab19ab75993c1da2bb7a93105d66&#x27;</span><br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>批量查看子仓库修改： <code>git submodule foreach git status</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>替换子模块的url 为 ssh方式</p>
<ul>
<li><p>手动修改  .gitmodules 文件中 url</p>
</li>
<li><p>使用 git submodule sync 命令，将新的URL更新到文件.git&#x2F;config</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>xx</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="5-附录"><a href="#5-附录" class="headerlink" title="5. 附录"></a>5. 附录</h1><h2 id="5-1-免密操作配置"><a href="#5-1-免密操作配置" class="headerlink" title="5.1 免密操作配置"></a>5.1 免密操作配置</h2><blockquote>
<p>和git远程仓库交互时有https和ssh两种方式，如果每次提交都要输入账户登陆密码将会很繁琐。</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><p>https方式免密码操作配置：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs b">git config --global user.email &quot;你的git的注册邮箱&quot;<br>git config --global user.user&quot;你的git用户名<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>然后输入一次用户密码，再根据自己的需求执行下面的任意一条命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs b">1、设置记住密码（默认15分钟）：<br>git config --global credential.helper cache<br><br>2、如果想自己设置时间，可以这样做：<br>git config credential.helper &#x27;cache --timeout=3600&#x27;<br>这样就设置一个小时之后失效<br><br>3、长期存储密码：<br>git config --global credential.helper store<br><br>4、增加远程地址的时候带上密码也是可以的。(推荐)<br>http://yourname:password@git.oschina.net/name/project.git<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


</li>
<li><p>ssh方式免密操作配置：</p>
<ul>
<li>同上：git config –global先设置，然后ssh客户端本地生成ssh key，进入用户下<code>.ssh</code>目录下执行<code>ssh-keygen -t rsa</code>, 然后一路回车确认即可。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/SeeDeer/picture/raw/master/picgo/image-20220316115740457.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload alt="image-20220316115740457"></p>
<ul>
<li>将ssh key中的公钥内容配置到ssh服务器上，github网站配置方法如下：进入账户设置</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/SeeDeer/picture/raw/master/picgo/image-20220316120420617.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload alt="image-20220316120420617"></p>
<ul>
<li>认证情况测试：<code>ssh -T git@github.com</code></li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/SeeDeer/picture/raw/master/picgo/image-20220316121057600.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload alt="image-20220316121057600"></p>
</li>
<li><p>xxx</p>
</li>
</ol>

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